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Biol
217 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Lab
#1 (Anatomical Terminology and Introduction to Lab Resources)
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Torso Models
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Computer Resources
(in AH107)
-
Required:
Log
on to WebCT
and take the practice quiz!
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Netter's Interactive Atlas (Installed
on AH107 computers)
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ADAM Practice Practical (Installed
on AH107 computers)
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Dynamic Human CD
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Practice tests, etc.
-
Full size PowerPoint
Lecture slides are available on \\facstaff\biology.
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Web Sites for lab
#1 and text Ch. 1
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Chemicals of Life
(text Ch. 2): Web
Sites
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Lab
#2 (Microscopy, Cell Structure, Mitosis)
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Web Assignments: Inner
Life of a Cell (versio
with no narration, music)
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Dynamic Human (CD) Assignment
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Human Body: Anatomy
(cell
components, shape, size)
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Explorations: Cell cycle
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Videotape/DVD:
Histology
Video Series, Vol 1 Cells
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Digital images for Lab
#2 are available on \\facstaff\biology:
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Cytology: Demonstrating
staining of various cell components; refer to annotated list in Supplement.
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Mitosis
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PowerPoint lecture
slides are available on \\facstaff\biology
and WebCT.
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Lab
#3 (Osmosis, pH, Buffers)
Diffusion
and Active Transport Definitions (modified
from Dr. James
S. Miller)
1.
Simple
diffusion - transport through the lipid phase of the membrane; rate
dependent on lipid solubility and concentration gradient; does not require
ATP, passive.
2.
Facilitated
diffusion - transport through a protein carrier/pore; rate dependent
on concentration gradient and carrier/pore efficiency (and of course also
the number of proteins carriers); does not require ATP, passive.
(Some authors use "facilitated diffusion" for carrier mediated transport
but not for channel mediated transport, as for ions. However, most
prefer to include both under "facilitated" diffusion".) Note that
the rate of facilitated diffusion can be no faster than that of simple
diffusion.
3.
Active
transport - transport via a protein that is linked to energy use;
transportation can be against a concentration gradient and can create a
concentration gradient
1 &
2 (simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion) can both be referred to
as "passive transport" - no energy consumption is directly involved
2
& 3 (facilitated diffusion and active transport) can both be referred
to as "carrier mediated" - a carrier protein/pore is involved, and transport
exhibits properties of saturation and competition |
  
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Cell Metabolism:
Text Ch. 4 PowerPoint Lecture slides are available
on \\facstaff\biology and WebCT.
Q: Why are
fats the primary stores of energy, as opposed to carbohydrates?
A: The main advantage
is that fats are a lower density energy supply; 5 grams of fat contain
the same amount of bond energy as 9 grams of carbohydrates. Fat molecules
also don't have the hydration shell that surrounds carbohydrates. -- Ruth
Buskirk, University of Texas NABT
-
"...gram for gram, fats
provide more energy than carbohydrates."
-
"When you weigh a carbohydrate,
more oxygen is included in that weight. When you weigh a fat, you get more
carbon atoms per gram and therefore, gram for gram, the fats will give
even more energy (over twice as much) than will the carbohydrates. Generally,
fats provide about 9 kilocalories per gram and carbohydrates provide about
4 kilocalories per gram. (Using nutritional units, that is 9 Calories/gram
for fats and 4 Calories/gram for carbohydrates.)"
Source: http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch106-07/carbohyd1.htm
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Goblet cell, microvilli
Compact Bone
Hyaline Cartilage
Integument
Links
to
Histology
Sites.
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Lab
#4 Tissues and Skin.
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1. The microscope slides and CD's used in
Lab #4 (Tissues and Skin) are available for your use during study
lab times (i.e., any time 8:00 am--5:00 pm when there is not another
class in AH107). Lecture slides are available on \\facstaff\biology
and on WebCT.
I can also make a CD of lab images for you.
-
You can use the digital images on \\facstaff\biology
from any computer on campus. Use ACDSee
to view the images.
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Study Hole Ch. 5 and 6 plus Benson Exercises
10, 11, & 12. Also, work on the Hole Ch. 5&6 worksheets and read
the Lab #4 material in the Supplement.
-
2. Web Sites
assigned for Lab #4:
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3. Lab #4 List of Microscope Slides (examples
to know, etc.). See Supplement.
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4.Videotapes/DVD's
on tissues and skin:
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Histology
Video Tape Series (DVD & VHS): Vol. 3 Epithelial Tissues, Vol.
4 Connective Tissue, Vol. 6 Cartilage, Vol. 7 Bone, and Vol. 10 Skin.
(Each tape is ~30 min. long and includes a practice practical at the end.)
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5.
 PowerPoint
Lecture slides are on \\facstaff\biology.
and on WebCT
Study the following
PowerPoint Slides (the photomicrographs will help you prepare
for the lab quiz, lab midterm exam, and Lecture Exam 2)
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Ch. 5 part 1 Simple Epithelia
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Ch 5 part 2 Stratified
Epithelia and Glandular Epithelium
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Ch 5 part 3 Connective Tissue
Proper
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Ch 5 part 4 Special C.T., Muscle,
and Nervous Tissue
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Ch 6 Integumentary System
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5. What's on the
Lab quiz?
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Digital images where I'll
ask "Name the Tissue" and/or "Identify
the Source" [3-4 points] (Know the examples listed in the
Supplement.)
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Short answer questions where
I'll name the location and you name the tissue
and/or I name the tissue and you name one or more locations
where it is found. [approx. 1/2 the quiz] (Know the examples
listed in the Supplement.)
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Explain, define and use terms
for classifying tissues (I'll ask about one or more specific tissue
examples and/or terms) [Approx. 3 points]
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Don't worry that I've "left
out" some of the details on skin: (nearly) ALL the anatomical wonders of
skin WILL be included on the Lab Midterm!
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Labs
#5 and #6 (Skeleton and Joints).
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Benson Exercises 13, 14, 15, 16, & 17.
Hole Chapters 7 & 8.
Supplements (Yokochi, ADAM
Atlas, Van De Graaff).
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Lab #5 deals with
the skeletal system, especially the skull. (Yes,
ALL the little holes, nooks, crannies, and things you never realized actually
HAVE names.)
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Quiz # 5 will cover
the skull
(ID
bones, parts of bones, sutures, and foramina from diagrams, photos, and/or
real skulls or model skulls).
Sex Characteristics of the Skull
|
| Feature |
Male |
Female |
| A. supraorbital ridge |
prominent |
slender |
| B. occipital protuberance |
prominent |
slender |
| C. mastoid process |
long, broad |
short |
| D. mandible |
square |
V-shaped |
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The study of the
skeletal system and joints continues in Lab #6.
-
See Supplement and the PowerPoint slides
for Hole Chapters 7 and 8.
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Materials available
for study in AH107:
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Human bones, medical-grade plastic casts of
human bones (please handle with care; use only the
designated "safe" pointers and tools)
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Dissectable skull; Disarticulated skull bones
(please
keep each bone in it's labeled plastic bag)
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Fetal skull and medical-grade plastic cast
of fetal skull
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X-rays
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Models of knee joint
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Videotapes/DVDs:
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Wm. C. Brown Skeletal System
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Anatomy dissection Tape #4: Head.
Skull bones Shows excellent detail. (DVD)
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Height Estimation Using
the Femur
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| Male: (2.32 x length
of the femur in cm.) + 65.53 ± 3.94 |
| Female: (2.47 x length of
the femur in cm.) + 54.10 ± 3.72 |
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Computer Resources
in AH107:
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Atlas Plus:
Advanced
Tools
for Learning
Anatomical
Structure.
CD
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Anatlab:
The
Anatomy Lab. Human anatomy laboratory and tutorial. CD
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Human
Anatomy Online (Gold Standard) Dissection
of Human Cadaver
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Radiologic Anatomy
CD (Gold Standard) ID structures in X-Ray - Tutorial
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Netter's Interactive
Atlas (installed on the AH107 computers)
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ADAM Practice Practical
(installed
on the AH107 computers, PC's)
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Links for Labs #5
& #6: Skull, Skeletal System and Joints (more
links in Supplement & PowerPoint Slides!)
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The
Skeleton Dance (Disney,
1929) :-)
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Skeleton
tutorials: Skull, vertebrae, and hand. http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/home_pages/crimando/jctuts5.htm
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Skull
Module: Rotate photos of skull and individual
skull bones.
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Skull
Anatomy Tutorial http://anatome.ncl.ac.uk/tutorials/skulleasy/text/index.html
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Skeletal
System Web Anatomy Tutorial Quiz
yourself on diagrams of bones and knee joint (including skull)
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Skeletal
System Interactive with photos (Penn State)
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Skeletal
Interactive Quizzes with bone photos (NHC)
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Interactive
Osteology
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"Bone
Box" at LUMEN Color photos of bones.
Point and click to name bones and their major features.
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Lessons
from a bone box (U. Iowa) QT videos
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Human
Anatomy Dissector online (cadaver photos)
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Human
Skeletal System Interactive Review from Univ. Minn.
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Appendicular
Skeleton: Vocabulary and Practice Test.
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Bones
Practice Test
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Gender
Guide: Skull
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Craniometrics
to identify ethnic origin
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Gender
Guide: Pelvis
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Living
Skeleton: Labeled and unlabeled X-ray images
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You
Tube video of genuine bone human skeleton (assembled, disarticulated)
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Forensic
Anthropology web
resources: Links to virtual skull and skeleton tutorials, etc.
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Normal
Knee Anatomy (Univ. of Washington teaching
modules)
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Knee
Anatomy Tutorial http://anatome.ncl.ac.uk/tutorials/knee/text/index.html
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Radiographic
Anatomy of the Skeleton (Univ. of Washington)
X-rays. Click to see labeled images.
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Osteoporosis
and Bone Physiology (Dr. Ott)
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Osteoporosis
tutorial from U. Utah
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Osteoporosis
(National Osteoporosis Foundation)
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Assess
Your Risk of Osteoporosis
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Parathyroid.com
includes info on normal Calcium metabolism
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Normal
Radiologic Anatomy archive from U Iowa X-rays,
MRI's, etc. Includes a self-quiz section.
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Joint
Fluoroscopy archive from U Iowa - View
the section on the Knee joint for Lab #6 material.
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Knee
Anatomy (Interactive Atlas from Digital Anatomist). Color
coded 3-D images. Click on an image, then ask for labels, quiz,
etc. with buttons at the bottom of the screen.
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Virtual
Knee Surgery http://www.edheads.org/activities/knee/index.htm
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ACL
injuries in female athletes
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Smith
& Nephew presents Interactive Hip, Knee, and Shoulder (cool
flash animations with labels)
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Your
Orthopaedic Connection: Educational informa tion from Amer. Academy
of Orthopaedic Surgeons (patient info on joint replacement, fractures,
etc.)
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Hole's
textbook website ("Online Learning Center" with practice
quizzes, etc.)
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Practice
tests (try the matching exercises to practice labeling images)
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PowerPoint
Lecture slides are available on \\facstaff\biology
and on WebCT
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Study
the following Lecture PowerPoint Slides:
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Chapter 7 part 1 Bone histology
and physiology
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Chapter 7 part 2 Bone identification
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Chapter 8 Joints (Lab
exam emphasis is on the Knee Joint)
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This material is included
on the Lab Midterm and Lecture Exam 3.
 
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Just for fun: http://www.chezmaya.com/applet/valentin.htm
Addictive... the skeleton
responds to your cursor ... notice, however, that this "puppet" is impossibly
limber.
A BONE TO PICK
Bones don’t lie. John Hawks of the University of Wisconsin at Madison
likes evidence he can put his hands on, so he takes me on a tour of the
university’s bone laboratory. There, the energetic 36-year-old anthropologist
unlocks a glass case and begins arranging human skulls and other skeletal
artifacts—some genuine fossils, others high-quality reproductions—on a
counter according to their age. Gesturing toward these relics, which span
the past 35,000 years, Hawks says, “You don’t have to look hard to see
that teeth are getting smaller, skull size is shrinking, stature is getting
smaller.”
These overriding trends are similar in many parts of the world, but
other changes, especially over the past 10,000 years, are distinct to specific
ethnic groups. “These variations are well known to forensic anthropologists,”
Hawks says as he points them out: In Europeans, the cheekbones slant backward,
the eye sockets are shaped like aviator glasses, and the nose bridge is
high. Asians have cheekbones facing more forward, very round orbits, and
a very low nose bridge. Australians have thicker skulls and the biggest
teeth, on average, of any population today. “It beats me how leading
biologists could look at the fossil record and conclude that human evolution
came to a standstill 50,000 years ago,” Hawks says.
Source: Discover "They
don't make Homo sapiens like they used to" online 9 Feb. 2009 |
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Links
to
A&P
Sites.
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Lab
7: Midterm Lab Exam & Begin Study of Cat Muscles
BIOL
217 A&P Lab Midterm Exam
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Covers all topics from the first six lab sessions.
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Includes handouts, Benson lab manual, Supplement,
digital images, and textbook/lecture slide information on the lab
topics.
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100 points (1/3 of the lab course grade)
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Topics
-
Anatomical
terms, membranes, body cavities [~12 pts.]
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Microscopy,
cell structure, mitosis [~10 pts.]
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Osmosis,
pH, buffers [~14 pts.] ** Review this!
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Tissues
[~16 pts.]
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Integument
[~10 pts.]
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Skull
[~16 pts.]
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Skeleton,
joints (knee joint) [~26 pts.]
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Format:
Mostly practical; All short answer (ID the structure, etc.)
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Diagrams
-
Anatomical Models
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Microscope slides
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Digital images (from \\facstaff\biology
and lecture slides)
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Skull (adult and fetal)
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Bones (individual)
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Written questions (short answer/objective)
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Labs
7, 8, & 9: Muscle Anatomy
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Benson Exercises 19, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,
39, and 40.
Assigned homework includes
the Benson lab reports. (Complete Ex. 19, 33, 34, 35,
36, & 37 for Lab 8. Complete Ex. 38, 39, & 40 for Lab 9.)
-
Hole Chapter 9.
-
Supplements (Yokochi, ADAM Atlas, Van De Graaff).
-
Web Sites (more
are listed below):
-
Materials
for Labs 7, 8, and 9: (Handouts &/or in
Supplement)
-
1. Worksheet
for Hole Chapter 9: Muscular System. [Also for Lab #10-Muscle
Physiology]
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2. Human
Muscles Lab Worksheet (diagrams to label)
-
3. Human
Musculature Video (list of muscles identified on the video)
-
4. [2 Sides] Muscles of the
Upper Extremity/Muscles of the Lower Extremity (Worksheet
to complete using the models.)
-
Quiz # 6: CAT
MUSCLES:
-
Superficial
muscles of the neck, chest, trunk, and shoulder. The quiz will require
recall memory. (Name the muscles indicated on diagrams or pinned on cats.)
-
Quiz # 7: CAT
MUSCLES:
-
Superficial
muscles of the forelimb; superficial and deep muscles of the abdomen, hip,
and hindlimb. The quiz will require recall memory. (Name the muscles
indicated on diagrams or pinned on cats.)
Lab
7: Cat Muscles
-
The study of muscles begins in Lab #7,
following the Lab Midterm Exam. You will work with a team using a
preserved cat to expose, examine, and identify cat muscles.
-
Correction to
the Benson Lab Manual: fix the label for the gracilis
muscle (vs. sartorius) on the photo of the medial thigh (page 131).
Lab
8: Cat Muscles and Human Muscles
-
Lab #8 covers the anatomy of the skeletal
muscles, especially the cat. (You will work with a team to
dissect the cat exposing muscles of the chest, back, shoulder and upper
limb, hip and lower limb.)
-
We will study all the required cat muscles
during Labs #7-8. Cat muscles are covered on
lab Quiz # 6.
-
During Lab #8, teams will begin using the
computer resources to study human muscles (so that each team will be able
to use all the resources by the end of Lab #9).
-
Videotape/DVD: Cat Muscles (1 hr.) Videos/DVDs
are also available in AH107 during study labs.
Lab
9: Human Muscles
-
Lab #9 covers the identification of
human skeletal muscles. During lab you will work with a team
to use the computer resources, video tapes, and models. You will
complete several worksheets.
-
Benson lab reports.
Complete
Ex. 19, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, & 40.
-
Lab Quiz # 7 covers human muscles.
-
Videotape Assignments
(Human
Muscles):
Students may also use
the videos in AH107 during Study Lab times.
-
Human Muscles (Benjamin/Cummings
25 min.). Fill in the worksheet.
-
Human Muscles (1
hr.)
-
Cadaver
Atlas video series. (DVD & VHS)
Muscles
of the upper extremity, Muscles of the lower extremity, Muscles of trunk,
etc.
-
Computer Assignments:
(CD's etc.)
Students may also use
these materials in AH107 during Study Lab times.
-
Interactive Physiology
CD: Muscular System [Also
for Lecture Exam #3 preparation and Lab #10-Muscle Physiology]
-
Human
Muscle animations (Get Body Smart)
-
Human
Anatomy online (Gold Standard) Dissection
of Human Cadaver
-
Netter's
Interactive Atlas (Installed on AH107 Computers)
-
ADAM
Practice Practical (Installed on AH107 PC's)
-
Atlas
Plus: Advanced Tools
for Learning Anatomical
Structure.
CD
-
Anatlab:
The Anatomy Lab. Human anatomy laboratory and tutorial. CD
-
Harper Collins Physiology
Animations: Module III Events at the Neuromuscular Junction
[Also for Lab #10-Muscle Physiology] (Installed on AH107 Computers)
-
Web sites: Muscle
Review: Vocabulary and practice questions.
-
Exercise
and human muscle directory http://www.exrx.net/Lists/Directory.html
Excellent illustrations and video clips of esercises.
-
Just for fun: http://www.chezmaya.com/applet/valentin.htm
Addictive... the skeletom responds to your cursor ... notice, however,
that this"puppet" is impossibly limber.
| Human Hamstring Muscles: Here's
a suggestion on how to remember the relative positions of these three muscles...
The "Semi's" go together: Semitendinosus
has a long tendon and Semimembranosus
is more medial. The Biceps
femoris is "by" itself on the lateral aspect
of the thigh. (Source: Krieger, Paul.
20004. Using creative analogies to teach A&P. HAPS Educator,
Fall 2004: p. 27.) |
-
Web
Resources: Human Muscle Anatomy
-
Note: Lecture Exam #3
includes identification of human muscles, including a diagram to label.
-
The Final Lab Exam will include HUMAN
Muscles, but no cat muscles. You will need to be able to recognize human
muscles on models and/or diagrams. You will need to know the NAMES and
ACTIONS of the human muscles we study.
PowerPoint lecture
slides are available on \\facstaff\biology
and on WebCT.
"Rigor
mortis seems to be due to the final absolute
depletion of ATP in the muscles, which then stops the cycle of actin-myosin
activity at the point at which new ATP would be used: namely, the
detachment of myosin from actin. This leaves all the myosin crossbridges
in a permanent state of attachment to actin, with no possibility of relative
movement between any of the thick and thin filaments. With all the
sliding filaments 'frozen up,' the muscle becomes quite rigid. The
subsequent loss of Rigor Mortis is then due to the breakdown of the muscle
tissue that follows." Dr. Steven N. Trautwein
Also see: Medico-legal
problems of establishing the time of death:
... "corpses can usually
be divided into those, still warm, in which no rigor is present, indicating
death within about the previous three hours. Those in which rigor is progressing,
where death probably occurred between 2 and 9 hours previously; and those
in which rigor is fully established, showing that death took place more
than 9 hours previously." "If full rigor is present, then one might assume
that this is about the second day following death, depending upon the environmental
conditions." |
  
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Lab
10: Muscle Physiology and Physiogrip
-
Ex 25, 26, 27,
28, and 30.
-
BIOPAC
Lesson 1: Muscle contraction, EMG.
-
Ex
25 Stimulator Function: Read.
-
Ex 26 Intelitool:
Read. This is the Physiogrip system.
-
Ex
27: Read (relate to lecture material).
-
Ex
28 Mapping motor points:
-
Ex 30 Physiogrip:
Do this lab. Lab Quiz #8 will cover Physiogrip
labs 1, 2, and 3. [See Supplement pages 173-176, and PowerPoint
slides for Hole Ch. 9.]
In preparation
for Lab Quiz #8: Study the relevant topics from
your text (Hole Ch. 9) and the PowerPoint slides on \\facstaff\biology,
WebCT, and in your Course Supplement.
-
Lab
Quiz #8 will emphasize Physiogrip labs 1, 2, and 3.
You
will need to be able to explain the concepts and draw sample graphs.
-
Web Resources on
muscle physiology
-
Computer Resources
on muscle physiology
-
Interactive
Physiology CD: Muscular System
-
Harper Collins Physiology
Animations: Module III Events at the Neuromuscular Junction
(Installed on AH107 PC's)
| Lactic Acid Helps Muscles
[From Science Roundup by AAAS]
"We've all felt it at some point -- the ache and burn
of muscle fatigue after a long run or intense workout. Conventional wisdom
holds that lactic acid -- generated when physical exertion deprives our
muscles of oxygen and they switch from aerobic to anaerobic means to create
energy -- is to blame for the pain. Now, a report in the 20 Aug 2004 Science
shows that, on the contrary, accumulation of lactic acid actually helps
to maintain muscle function. Using a preparation of skinned rat skeletal
muscle fibers, Pedersen
et al. demonstrated that the increased acidity associated with lactic
acid production decreases the activity of chloride ion channels and helps
muscles maintain their electrical excitability and ability to contract.
These chloride channels normally help maintain the balance of electrical
signals (which also involves sodium and potassium ions) that prevents spontaneous
contractions in rested muscles. An accompanying Perspective by D.
Allen and H. Westerblad highlighted the report and reviewed the history
of lactic acid in muscle fatigue research." |
  
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Lab
11: Nervous Tissue and Nerve Function
-
Benson Exercises: 18,
20, 41, and 42 (including handout) + BIOPAC Lesson
11.
-
Videos: Histology Video
Series, vol. 9: Nervous Tissue (DVD); Brain and Nervous System
(Spektrum Videothek)
-
Essential references:
Hole, Nervous System chapters and powerpoint lecture slides.
Neural Tissue:
-
Digital images on facstaff\biology
(Carolina
Slide Sets plus other images):
Neurons, Neuroglia, Spinal
cord, Spinal ganglion, Cerebrum, Cerebellum.
-
PowerPoint Slides sets: Nervous System Histology
-
CD-ROMs: Microscopic Anatomy,
etc.
Web
sites
Microscope Slides
(slide
boxes H-# listed in Supplement )
Models:
Spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion and spinal nerve. Neuron, synapse, etc.
Torso model.
Computer Resources
-
Interactive Physiology (CD's): Nervous
System and Nervous System II
-
A.D.A.M. Interactive Anatomy
(avail. on AH107 computers)
-
A.D.A.M. Practice Practical
(avail. on AH107 computers)
-
Netter's Interactive Atlas (avail.
on AH107 computers)
-
Histology CD's
Reading:
Cranial
Nerve Assessment (Handout, from the journal, RN).
Reflex experiments
and Reaction Time (as listed in Supplement; also
see below)
Benson Exercise 42
Reflexes in Medical Diagnosis (start at page 203)
Patellar
Reflex demonstration
Supplement: Human Reflexes
List. Trace the pathways of the neural input and output.
BIOPAC:
Lesson
11 (Reaction Time I) (Procedure in Handout, data form in Supplement)
Anatomy
– Trace the CNS pathway used in Biopac Lesson 11. FROM
Auditory stimulus (CN VIII) TO Motor output
(PNS at Brachial plexus to ulnar nerve, to median nerve to move fingers).
List/show the pathway in the CNS. [See text Ch. 11.]
-
Reflexes: The
general advice Dr. Lee Weller gives to students who are just learning to
demonstrate stretch reflexes is that these are best elicited when:
1.
the muscle being tested is relaxed
2.
the muscle being tested is slightly stretched
3.
the stimulus is brief and 'sharp'
-
Tips on Testing Reflexes
(from
Marc H. Walters, M.D.):
-
Clinicians usually call these
stretch
reflexes the Deep Tendon Reflexes.
It can help elicit the reflexes in the arms if you ask the subjects to
clench their teeth. Hold the hammer loosely, letting the hammer swing
(rather
than holding tight and making your wrist action do the work).
-
For the biceps
jerk: Have the subject rest their arm in their lap with their
elbow flexed; grasp their elbow with your thumb directly on their biceps
tendon, and hit your thumb. (Instead of my thumb,
I often do it by placing my 2nd and 3rd fingers over the tendon). You
often feel their tendon jerk, and may not see much elbow flexion.
-
For the triceps
jerk: Hold the subject's arm out to their side by supporting
their brachium; let their forearm dangle down. The
elbow should be relaxed, at 90 degrees. (Position the arm so
the triceps tendon is facing straight up). Tap
on the tendon directly. To double-check that
the subject is relaxed, let go of their arm: if they are relaxed,
it will drop to their side. If they are tense, they'll continue to
hold their arm out.
For the brachioradialis:
Hold
the subject's arm out in front of them by hanging onto their thumb only...
the rest of their arm should hang relaxed. You
should really feel the weight of their arm if they are relaxed. Tap
your hammer onto the radial side of the forearm, which should be pointing
straight up. (You don't have to be very precise
with your aim). (My physical diagnosis book says to grab the patient's
wrist instead of their thumb; they say to support the arm in partial pronation).
You see elbow flexion and supination.
-
With reflexes, emphasize
the importance of checking for symmetry:
a herniated disc, etc. will often diminish the strength on one side and
not the other.
-
Use this grading
scale:
0 = Absent
1 = Hypoactive
2 = Normal (accept a
wide range for this)
3 = Hyperactive
4 = Clonus (rhythmic
contractions) -- you see these in upper motor neuron
lesions such as in spinal cord injury patients -- when you test the reflex
arcs whose integration centers are below the level of the injury.
The injury cuts the descending, inhibitory fibers that normally keep our
reflexes in check. That's the whole thing behind spastic paralysis...
as opposed to flaccid paralysis, which is a lower motor neuron problem.
Example:
A C5 cord lesion would destroy the integration center for biceps jerk,
but you'd see clonus in the knee and ankle jerks.
-
For Lab Quiz #9:
-
Know anatomical components
of a reflex arc (at the spinal cord level). Be able to interpret diagrams.
-
Know structure (morphology),
function, and location of representative cells of nervous tissue.
PowerPoint Lecture slides
are available on \\facstaff\biology
-
Ch 10 Nervous Sys: Struct &
Funct; NS Histology
-
Ch 11 Nervous Sys: Divisions
of NS
Blood Brain Barrier
-
1) The BBB develops early in the
embryo through an interaction between glial astrocytes and capillary endothelial
cells
-
2) The BBB is created largely by
the elaborate tight junctions between the capillary endothelial cells;
which form continuous-type capillaries within the brain.
-
2a) Research involving TEM demonstrates
these tight junctions between the endothelial
cells of the capillaries. TEM studies also
demonstrate that these tight junctions are more like the tight junctions
seen between epithelial cells as compared to those of endothelial cells
elsewhere in the cardiovascular system.
-
3) TEM studies also demonstrate
an elaborate interaction and close association between the end-foot processes
of astrocytesand
the basal lamina of the capillary endothelial cells, thereby adding to
the effectiveness of the BBB.
-
3a) Research also demonstrates that
the normal functioning of the tight junctions of the endothelial cells
depends on the normal functioning of the astrocytes. In several brain diseases
the BBB loses its effectiveness. Examination of brain tissue in these instances
reveals loss of the tight junctions in the endothelial cells as well as
alterations in the morphology of the astrocytes.
-
4) Other research findings indicate
that the endothelial cells participating in the BBB have a significantly
smaller number of pinocytotic vesicles than seen in other endothelial cells
elsewhere in the CV system.
So, in summary, the BBB is formed
by (a) the tight junctions of the endothelial cells of the blood vessels
within the brain; (b) the interaction between the astrocytic end-foot processes;
(c) the interaction between the astrocytes and the endothelial cells; and
(d) the decreased number of pinocytic vesicles within the endothelial cells.
From Robert Tallitsch, Ph.D.
Augustana College, IN |
|
Neuroanatomy
Sites
|
Lab
12: Brain Anatomy and EEG
-
Benson Lab Exercises
45 and 46: Complete the figure labels and
the lab reports.
-
Benson Exercise
47: EEG Follow
BIOPAC procedures. Do BIOPAC Lessons 3 and 4.
-
Preserved sheep
brains: Whole; sagittal section; selected
frontal sections.
-
Human Brain: Plastic
mounted human brain sections. Preserved human brain
slices to examine: Frontal section and sagittal section.
-
Models:
-
Human brain models. Human brainstem models,
ventricles of brain, etc. Human skull model with nerves.
-
Videotapes:
The Human Nervous
System (Benjamin Cummings)
The Brain: The Enlightened
Machine
The Brain: The Two Brains
-
Readings:
Memory,
Gray
Matters, etc.
-
Computer Resources:
ADAM Programs,
Netter's Interactive Atlas,
Human Anatomy (Cadaver Dissection
CD Head, Lab 28; Radiologic Anatomy.
Digital
Images on facstaff:
Human Brain, Sheep brain, etc.
-
Essential Websites:
-
Neuroanatomy
Lab (Temple Univ.): Interactive labeled images
of whole and sectioned human brain.
Practice Quizzes.
-
Sheep
Brain Dissection (Tutorial @ U Scranton)
Excellent!
Large color photographs with good labels.
-
Interactive
Brain Atlas @ Washington Excellent!!
You can see cadaver
photos and other images with structures labeled and outlined, etc..
See both the "Brain" section
and the "Neuroanatomy Syllabus."
Brain
Anatomy Page of the Interactive Atlas
-
Brain
Atlases at Utah
Sagittal
sections MRI (to see labels: select images with outlines)
Coronal
sections (stained sections) select images with outlines
Coronal
sections MRI (select images with outlines)
Neuroanatomy
@ Utah: interactive photo images, click names to locate structures.
-
HyperBrain
Neuroanatomy Syllabus (@ Utah)
The site opens windows with
labeled photographs as you read the detailed descriptions. Study
"External Feaures" and "Midsagittal section."
-
Whole
Brain Atlas @ Harvard
Be
sure to see: "Normal Brain: Atlas of normal structure and blood flow,"
"Top 100 Brain Structures," and "Can you name these brain structures?"
-
Brain
Browser Atlas @ Harvard (Requires Java)
-
Labeled
Brain and Spinal Cord Slices View the Coronal Sections
of Brain and Cross Sections of Cord. (Crump
Inst.)
-
Cadaver
dissection video: Scalp, Cranial Cavity, Meninges & Brain
(U Mich)
-
Neuroanatomy tutorial
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/brain/1neuro.htm
-
Cranial Nerves tutorial
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/cn/cranial.htm
-
Blood
Brain Barrier
-
Brain
Anatomy Tutorial (The Plastinated Brain) Sectional and surface
anatomy
-
Brain
and Nervous System (Dr. Ritchison)
-
Cranial
Nerves (Yale Univ. School of Medicine)
-
Cerebral
spinal fluid animation.
-
Narcolepsy
(well illustrated article from Jan. 2000 Sci Amer)
-
Brain
Backgrounders: Basic neuroscience answers from Soc. for Neuroscience.
-
Functions
of the Amygdala: recent
research indicates that "the circuitry between the frontal cortical regions
of the brain may be critical in regulating emotion and in guiding emotion-related
behaviors."
-
Mind,
Brain, and Behavior (U Mass Med School)
-
Brain
and Mind
-
Brain
and Nervous System: Basics and Explore Disorders (Mayo
Clinic Health Center)
-
Brain
Briefings from Soc. for Neuroscience.
-
Imaging
Early Alzheimer's
-
Alzheimer's
Disease: Molecular Basis (full
text Amer. Sci. July-Aug 2003)
-
EEG
waves as defined by frequency
-
EEG
Mapping the Brain
-
Hearing
Colors and Tasting Shapes (Full
text, Scientific American, May 2003)
People with synesthesia--whose
senses blend together--are providing valuable clues to understanding the
organization and functions of the human brain.
-
More and more evidence supports
the idea that sleep
helps learning.
-
Nicotine
and Smoking: The Biology of Addiction
-
Brain
Briefings Soc. for Neurosci. series of illustrated
Newsletters explaining how basic neuroscience discoveries lead to clinical
applications.
-
Taming
Stress: An emerging understanding of the brain's stress pathways
points toward treatments for anxiety and depression beyond Valium and Prozac.
By Robert Sapolsky (full
text, Sci. Amer. Sept. 2003)
-
Go
here for more Neuroanatomy Web Sites listed on Dr. Ross's Links Page.
-
For Lab Quiz #10:
-
Human
brain diagrams to label (possible quiz material = sagittal sec., frontal
sec., and ventral, lateral, and dorsal surface views);
-
Sheep
brain diagram to label including cranial nerves [name and number] (possible
quiz material = surface views, sagittal sec., frontal sec.)
-
The Cerebellum (From
Dr. Ken Saladin):
· Proportion
of neurons in cerebellum. 100 billion according
to “The cerebellum: the brain’s engine of agility,” Science
281:1588-90, 11 Sep 1998. Afifi & Bergman,
p. 311, say the cerebellum contains over 50% of all neurons of the brain.
A. Parent, Carpenter’s Human Neuroanatomy, 9/e,
says cerebellum is 10% of brain mass but contains almost 50% of its neurons.
· Cerebellum,
functions. There is evidence that the cerebellum is
involved in more than motor control; may also be involved in cognition.
Patients
with cerebellar lesions perform poorly on nonmotor tasks, and PET scans
show increased cerebellar activity in association with analysis of sensory
input, telling time, and solving spatial puzzles. If a person is
given a noun and asked to think of a related verb, such as eat for apple,
the cerebellum shows higher activity than if the person is just told to
repeat apple. Solving a pegboard puzzle causes much more cerebellar
activity than control tasks such as moving pegs randomly around on the
same puzzle board. Rubbing sandpaper over a subject’s fingers activates
the cerebellum to a degree, but not as much as when the subject is asked
to rate the relative coarseness of 2 different sandpapers. Cerebellar
lesions interfere with ability to judge time elapsed between 2 tones.
Very controversial; some neurobiologists still do not believe it is involved
in any more than motor coordination. Science
272:482-483, 26 April 1996; Afifi & Bergman, pp. 326-327.
Role in making short-term predictions about movement, such as anticipating
where a tennis ball will be in the next second, anticipating the position
of prey, predicting how much the eyes must move to remain fixed on a point
in response to a head movement: Science 282:224-225,
9 October 1998.
A Mnemonic for
Cranial Nerves:
"OLd
OPie
OCcasionally
TRies
TRIGonometry,
And
Feels
VEry
GLOomy,
VAGue,
And
HYPOactive"
(for most cranial nerves,
this gives two to four of the initial letters, in caps).
The
mnemonic was invented by a student of Dr. Saladin, Marti Haykin, who subsequently
went to medical school and has become, of all things, a neurologist in
Pittsburgh. |
|
|
Lab
13: Eye
-
Benson Lab Exercises
48, & 49 (including Lab Reports): Complete
the figure labels and the lab reports.
-
Supplements: Yokochi
Atlas: Eye and
muscles, p. 108, visual pathways p. 109, interior of eye pp. 108-109, eye
lids, lacrimal apparatus, innervation of muscles p. 110.
Also see VandeGraaff and
ADAM Atlas.
-
Hole (text) chapter 12.
-
Readings:
-
How the Human Eye Focuses. Scientific
American Article (in file box):
-
Seeing,
Hearing, and Smelling. Report from
Howard Hughes Medical Institiute. Excellent web site. (Adobe Acrobat file
on \\facstaff)
-
Videotapes:
The Operation: Corneal Transplant Surgery
(Available
in AH107)
EYE: Lab Activities:
-
Cow eyes to dissect
-
Histology of the
Eye
-
Microscope slides
-
H-3 Anterior eye and Retina.
retina (identify the layers), cornea,
ciliary apparatus, lens
-
Powerpoint Tutorial on \\facstaff\biology
-
Digital images (Benson 80-slide
set and N.S. carousel, etc.)
-
Web sites for Histology (see below)
-
CD-ROM's for Histology: Microscopic Anatomy
-
Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye:
-
Computer Resources
-
Digital Images on \\facstaff\biology
-
ADAM, ADAM Interactive Anatomy,
ADAM Practice Practical
-
Netter's interactive Atlas
-
Human Anatomy (Gold Star brand):
Cadaver dissection CD
-
Nervous System (Interactive
Physiology series) CD
-
Web sites (see below): Eye dissection;
etc.
-
Functional eye model
with flexible lens
-
Anatomical Eye models with key
-
Eye diagrams (two charts)
-
Eye tests and demonstrations
to do (as described in Benson):
-
Purkinje tree (penlight)
-
Blind spot (index card with
+
and l)
-
Near point (index card with
pin holes, ruler)
-
Visual acuity (eye chart)
-
Astigmatism (chart)
-
Color blindness (test books)
-
Pupillary reflexes (pen light)
-
Ophthalmoscopes
-
Desk study of the ophthalmoscope
(define diopter)
-
Examination of retina (use "green
spot" light of ophthalmoscope)
-
Locate optic disc; do not attempt
to locate fovea
-
Web Sites (Eye)
-
The
Joy of Visual Perception. Excellent! Includes
detailed diagrams and interactive demonstrations. Look at the sections
on visual acuity (including lens demos),.retina, etc.
-
Dissection
of Cow's Eye. Go to the Step-by-step dissection procedures.
Click on the photos for larger images.
-
How
the Eye Works. From Emory.
-
Eye
Histology from UCDavis
-
Eye
Histology Review Slides @ U. Texas, Houston
-
Eyesight
Insight. See the sections on eye anatomy and function.
-
Anatomy,
Physiology, & Pathology of the Human Eye
Includes color vision test,
Amsler grid test, and blind spot test.
-
Visual
Systems (Neuroanatomy @ Washington). See the following
sections: Eyeball, Ophthalmoscopic view of the fundus of the retina, Retina,
and Fovea. (Excellent photomicrographs; select "label all").
-
WebvisionThe
organization of the retina and visual system (Kolb) Extensively illustrated
information on the anatomy and function of the retina.
-
Eye
Test Simulator (ocular motion, pupillary response)
-
How
the Retina Works (Full text) American Scientist
Jan-Feb 2003
-
Illusion
Works. Optical (and auditory) illusions.
-
Optical
illusion (color)
-
Eye
Gallery. Views from inside, etc.
-
Nervous
System Web Anatomy Tutorial Quiz yourself on simple
eye and ear diagrams.
-
How to interpret a prescription
for eyeglasses
-
Development
of Laser Eye Surgery (NAS)
-
Eye
Surgery
-
Special
Senses Interactive Quiz (Univ. Wisconsin)
-
MayoClinic
Vision Center: Information on eye exam, disorders,
etc.
-
Human
Anatomy online (Gold Standard) Dissection
of Human Cadaver
-
Additional histology
of sensory structures:
-
Microscope slides:
-
H-38 Meissner's corpuscles (touch receptors
in fingertip)
-
H-79 Taste buds (on circumvallate papillae
of tongue)
-
H-86 Pacinian corpuscle (w.m.) in mesentery
-
Digital images: \\facstaff\biology
-
Special
Senses (Tutorials on smell, vision, hearing, taste
by Dr. Jacob)
-
Physiology
of the Sense of Taste (Illustrated Tutorial by Dr.
Jacob)
-
Making
Sense of Taste. Well illustrated Scientific American article
(March 2001).
-
Senses
Challege (Interactive... try it!) Human
Senses (from BBC)
-
For Lab Quiz #11:
-
Diagram(s) of eye to label
-
Short answer, fill-in, identifying functions
of structures of the eye.
| Iris.
Iris,
the Greek goddess of the rainbow, gives her name to the colored portion
of the eye called the iris and the iris flower, which has varieties in
all the colors of the rainbow. [Source:
LWW.com] |
|
 |
Lab
14: Ear, Hearing and Balance
-
Benson Lab Exercises
50 & 51 (including Lab Reports): Complete the
figure labels and the lab reports.
-
EAR
Lab Activities
-
Examination of external auditory meatus
and tympanic membrane
-
Hearing tests (conduction deafness
vs. nerve deafness):
-
Watch tick method (can be performed
with a tuning fork if no watch is available)
-
Rinne test
-
Weber test
-
Equilibrium tests:
-
Histology of the Inner Ear:
-
Microscope slides:
-
H-72 Internal Ear. Examine cochlea
in detail (also shown: vestibule, semicircular duct, etc.) [Useful website:
Cochlear
Anatomy] Crista ampullares (2 slides)
-
Powerpoint Tutorials on \\facstaff\biology
-
Digital images
on \\facstaff\biology
-
Anatomical models
of the Ear and Inner Ear
-
Ear diagrams
(charts)
-
Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear:
-
Computer Resources(in
AH107)
-
ADAM interactive Anatomy, ADAM
Practice Practical
-
Netter's Interactive Atlas
-
Human Anatomy (Gold Star brand):
Cadaver dissection CD-ROM
-
Nervous System (Interactive
Physiology series) CD-ROM
-
Web sites:
Function of the ear in hearing; etc.
-
Auditory
systems (Neuroanatomy @ Washington).
See the sections on Peripheral auditory structures, Middle ear ossicles,
Inner ear in situ, Labyrinth and cochlea, Cochlea, Cochlear duct, Organ
of Corti, Hair cells. (Excellent photomicrographs; select
"label all").
-
Ear
Anatomy http://www.ear-anatomy.com/
-
Cochlear
Fluids Research Lab. Refer to the section on Anatomy
of the Inner Ear, Cochlear
Anatomy, etc.
-
Basilar
membrane vibrantions at different frequencies, animation
-
The
Cochlea (Mammano & Nobili)
-
Cochlear
Mechanics. Includes excellent diagrams and animations.
-
Hearing
Damage (Pete Townsend, etc.)
-
Ear
anatomy and histology
-
Sound
from Silence: Development of Cochlear Implants (NAS)
-
Ear
Tubes
-
Hearing
Loss (U Washington)
-
Auditory
Perception
-
Ear
Anatomy and Disorders
-
Audiogram
(hearing tests)
-
Special
Senses Interactive Quiz (Univ. Wisconsin)
-
Hearing
Colors and Tasting Shapes (Full
text, Scientific American, May 2003)
-
Special
Senses (Tutorials on smell, vision, hearing, taste
by Dr. Jacob)
-
Physiology
of the Sense of Taste (Illustrated Tutorial by Dr.
Jacob)
-
Making
Sense of Taste. Well illustrated Scientific American article
(March 2001).
-
Human
Anatomy online (Gold Standard) Dissection
of Human Cadaver
-
For Lab Quiz #12:
-
Anatomy: Diagrams of ear to label
-
Be able to explain the results and significance
of the hearing and equilibrium tests.
|
Links
to
Histology
Sites |
Lab
15: Endocrine Glands
Benson Lab
Exercise 87 (including Lab Report).
Also text
Chapter 13.
-
Histology of the
Endocrine Glands:
-
Microscope Slides:
-
H-11 Thyroid: follicular and
parafollicular cells
-
H-11 Parathyroid
-
H-125 Pancreas: Islets of Langerhans
(Mallory Azan stain)
-
H-44 Pancreas (human)
-
(Omit slide of thymus)
-
H-37 Adrenal gland: cortex with
zones and medulla (human)
-
H-83 Ovary: corpus luteum and
follicle cells
-
H-85 Ovary
-
H-62 Testis (rat): Interstitial
cells of Leydig
-
H-40 Pituitary: Adenohypophysis
(pars distalis) and Neurohypophysis (pars intermedia and pars nervosa)
-
(Omit slide of pineal)
-
Digital images:
Study the same examples listed for microscope slides.
-
Web sites Endocrine System:
Who named
it?
-
Paul
Langerhans (1847-1888)
"Langerhans’ main scientific
achievements consist in his studies of human and animal microscopical
anatomy. In this field he was among the first successful investigators
to explore the new area of research with novel methods and staining techniques."
http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1987.html
-
"...Paul Langerhans discovered
the islets while in the context of a medical histology course he was taking.
He refused to accept the glib explanation of the peculiar appearance of
cells in a pancreatic section as a ‘staining artifact’ by his august Herr
Professor. Systematic comparative anatomy of many animals by Langerhans
established the biological significance of the islets long before the notion
of endocrine secretion was in hand." Alan
Magid, Ph.D.
-
"Paul
Langerhans (1847-1888) published his doctoral thesis in 1869 describing
a subset of pancreatic cells, now named the islands or islets of Langerhans.
Islets of Langerhans contain insulin producing beta cells which are of
fundamental importance to diabetes research today. Also while still a medical
student working in Virchow's laboratory in Berlin, in 1868 he published
a description of structures in human skin, now called Langerhans' granular
layer and Langerhans' stellate corpuscles. The former of these structures
contains the 'Langerhans' cells' now found to be antigen presenting cells
in tumor immunology."
http://www.pnri.org/seminars/lang-vir/langvir.html
|
|
| |
|
|
|
Biol
217 Lab Final
-
Date:
During
Exam Week
-
Format:
(100 points plus approx. 5 Bonus Points)
Objective format including diagrams to
label, graphs to label, and matching.
-
Topics
& Approximate Emphasis
-
Human muscles (~25%)
-
Muscle physiology (~10-15%)
-
CNS Anatomy, human (~25%)
-
NS Function, reflexes (~15%)
-
Sense organs (~10%)
-
Endocrine anatomy and function (~15-20%)
Biol
217 Lecture Final
Date: (during
final exam week).
Format: See
information in Course Supplement.
|
A.E.R.'s
Home Page
email:
aross@cbu.edu
Study
Lab Schedule for Room AH107.
Dr.
Ross's Home Page
